MCAT/MDMA/MET/MOP

Introduction of MCAT

Methcathinone (MCAT), an amphetamine analog with the chemical formula C10H13NO, is generally available in powder form or as a liquid mixed with water.

Methcathinone acts in the central nervous system, mainly increases the concentration of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters, enhances intercellular signaling, and exerts sympathomimetic effects, which, according to its structural properties, mainly includes the following three pathways of action: ① Directly promotes the release of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-hydroxytryptamine) from neurons into synaptic gaps, and then releases them into the synaptic gap. -5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the synaptic gap; (ii) inhibit the release of dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and norepinephrine transporter (NPT) into the synaptic gap. transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) and 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-hydroxytryptamine, SERT), blocking synaptic reuptake of specific monoamine neurotransmitters, which can inhibit inward currents induced by monoamine substrates and specific transporters, and have a high affinity for the transporters, It can inhibit the inward current induced by monoamine substrates and specific transporters with high affinity to the transporter and slow separation speed, thus generating a sustained outward current and exerting an inhibitory effect; (3) It can be transported into neurons as a substrate of the above monoamine transporter or vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and induce the release of DA, NE, and 5-HT from the presynaptic terminal through reverse transporter. In addition, after entering the neuron, VMAT2 binds to the transporter at the internal site and induces an inward current, causing continuous depolarization of the neuron and affecting synaptic transmission; it also interacts with neuronal proteins and inhibits neurotransmitter synthesis, which in combination leads to the depletion of intracellular neurotransmitters.

Figure 1 Structural formula of MCAT

Introduction of MDMA

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C11H15NO2. It has central nervous system excitatory and hallucinogenic effects, which can cause hallucinations, hallucinations, vertigo, spatial orientation disorders, extreme excitement, shaking of the head, and uncontrolled behavior leading to law and order problems. Abuse of large doses can cause poisoning, long-term abuse can lead to mental disorders. Induced heart attack (e.g., ventricular fibrillation, arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia) to death leading to hyperthermia syndrome, including metabolic acidosis, diffuse vascular coagulation, acute renal failure toxic hepatitis leading to liver failure multiple drugs combined with abuse of overdose intoxication toxic effects of mental disorders and accidents.

MDMA is (SNDRA), also 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), the neurotransmitters in the brain serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine have a role in the release of reuptake inhibition, is a stimulant is also a hallucinogenic effect. After ingestion of MDMA, the concentration of neurotransmitters will increase at first, followed by a short-term decrease in concentration.

Figure 2 Structural formula of MDMA

Introduction to MET

Metformin, Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide). It is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H11N5. MET inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism, resulting in reduced mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in cancer cells.

Enhances insulin sensitivity and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes.Metformin can cross the blood-brain barrier and induce autophagy (autophagy). Metformin can lower blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose output, improving peripheral insulin resistance and reducing glucose uptake in the small intestine. Used alone, Metformin does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia, improves blood lipids, and has a clear cardiovascular protective effect, which can effectively reduce the risk of T2DM in pre-diabetic people.

In addition to this, metformin can significantly inhibit tumor growth and suggests that the PP2A-GSK3β-MCL-1 pathway may be a new target for tumor therapy. It was found that tumor cells would show metabolic changes different from normal cells, while tumor cells themselves could adapt to the altered metabolic environment by switching between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).

Figure 3 MET structural formula

Introduction of MOP

Morphine is an opioid agonist with molecular formula C17H19NO3 and molecular weight of 285.3. Morphine and its derivatives are the main drugs for relieving severe pain in clinical practice, and are the most widely used potent analgesic in the world. Morphine molecular structure has phenolic hydroxyl group at position 3, alcohol hydroxyl group at position 6, and tertiary nitrogen atom at position 17, so the aqueous solution of MOP is unstable and easy to oxidize into pseudo-MOP with greater toxicity.Meanwhile, MOP is easy to be oxidized under a certain potential, so it can be detected by electrochemical methods.

The structure of morphine is thickened by five rings containing partially hydrogenated phenanthrene ring, piperidine ring, and five chiral carbon atoms on the ring, with the conformations of 5R, 6S, 9R, 13S and 14R, and the naturally occurring morphine is levorotatory. The stereo conformation of morphine is a three-dimensional "T" shape, ring A, B and E constitute the vertical part of the "T" shape, and ring C and D are its horizontal part. The analgesic effect of morphine is closely related to its three-dimensional structure, and the chemically synthesized morphine dextrose has no analgesic and other physiological activities.

Morphine can inhibit the cortical nociceptive area of the brain, with strong analgesic effect. It has an inhibitory effect on the respiratory center and cough center, and shows excitatory effect on the smooth muscles of biliary tract, ureter, bronchus, etc. and increases its tension. Morphine has a strong physiological dependence, and its toxicity mechanism is due to the compensatory adaptation of morphine acting on opioid receptors in different brain regions, activating the second messenger system and changes in gene transcription and translation, causing changes in DA , opioid peptide and GABA neural pathways in the brain, and keeping opioid receptors in a long-term agitated state.

Figure 4 MOP structural formula

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